Background and Objectives for the Systematic Review
Migraine is a central nervous system disorder characterized by vascular headaches.1 Migraine headaches range from moderate to very severe and last from 4 to 72 hours.2 Pain from severe migraine headaches can be debilitating.3 In the United States, migraine affects 17 percent of women and 6 percent of men; among children, it affects 5 percent of boys4, 5 and 7.7 percent of girls.6, 7 The cumulative lifetime incidence of migraine in the U.S. population is 43 percent for women and 18 percent for men.8
For 8 to13 percent of those who experience it, migraine is a chronic condition.9 The National Headache Foundation defines chronic migraine as headache, tension-type or migraine, that occurs >15 days per month for at least 3 months.10, 11 Chronic migraine significantly affects the physical, psychological, and social well-being of patients and can impose serious lifestyle restrictions.
Migraine also exacts a heavy economic toll. Each year, lost work time and diminished productivity from migraines costs American employers $225.8 billion or $1,685 per employee.12-14 Forty percent of people who get migraines might benefit from preventive medication,5, 15, 16 thus reducing lost productivity and work time. Yet, results from several studies demonstrate that only 12.4 percent of adults with migraine take preventive medication.4, 5, 15, 16
Migraine pain results primarily from increased activity of several agents that regulate blood vessels and sensory function of the brain.1 In about 15 percent of patients, migraine attacks may be accompanied by aura (visual, sensory, or language symptoms). Other accompanying symptoms may include photophobia (excessive sensitivity to light), phonophobia (fear of loud sounds), osmophobia (hypersensitivity to smells), nausea, or vomiting.2
Preventive medications presumably affect the pathophysiology of migraine.17, 18 The four drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for migraine prevention in adults come from different drug classes and include propranolol, timolol, topiramate, and divalproex sodium.19 Botox is the only FDA-approved drug for chronic migraine. The FDA has approved no drugs for migraine prevention in children. Doctors also prescribe off-label drugs (approved for clinical conditions other than migraine) for migraine prevention, which include novel antiepileptic drugs, calcium channel modulators, glutamate blockers, and several other drug classes.19, 20
Ideally, preventive treatment aims to fully eliminate headache pain.21-23 Often, however, some degree of pain persists; therefore, treatment success is usually defined by a decrease in migraine frequency of at least 50 percent after 3 months.2 In addition to pain relief, preventive drugs can also decrease severity of migraine attacks, normalize brain activity, and eliminate photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and vomiting.24, 25
Long-term adherence to preventive treatments is low. Between 17 and 29 percent of patients discontinue medication because of adverse effects such as anxiety, nausea, vomiting, sleep time reduction, drowsiness, or weakness.26, 27 Drug choices are based on efficacy and adverse effects, doctors’ beliefs about off-label medications, patient preferences, headache frequency, presence of aura, and comorbid conditions.10, 21, 22, 28-32 Some guidelines recommend preventive treatments for patients who have five or more migraine attacks per month,1 while others suggest it for those who experience a headache on most days of the month.10, 11, 33 Often, preventive treatment is recommended for only 6 to 9 months; however, researchers have yet to fully examine migraine frequency after discontinuation of preventive treatment.2
Several gaps remain in published literature on preventive treatments for migraines in children and adults. Published systematic reviews have focused on efficacy of specific drugs rather than comparative effectiveness of all available pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options.34 Little attention has been paid to the comparative effectiveness of off-label drugs to prevent migraine. Published reviews have not examined quality of life as an outcome. Clinical reviews have compared safety of a few but not all drugs.34, 35 No systematic reviews have examined the comparative effectiveness of models of comprehensive or coordinated care for patients with chronic migraine, such as patient care teams, integrated care, coordinated care, patient education, drug surveillance, or interactive drug monitoring. Patients with chronic migraine represent the majority of patients seen in headache specialty clinics that practice multidisciplinary coordinated care.8
Our review focuses on the comparative effectiveness and safety of the drugs for preventing migraine attacks in children and adults; our results will help inform related treatment recommendations. By the nature of the question, the review focuses on outpatient care.
After discussion with key informants,36 the Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) formulated a list of eligible pharmacological classes. The EPC will evaluate comparative effectiveness of preventive pharmacological treatments following the principles in the Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews (hereafter Methods Guide) developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).37, 38
The Key Questions
Question 1
What are the efficacy and comparative effectiveness of pharmacological treatments for preventing migraine attacks in children and adults?
- How do preventive pharmacological treatments affect patient-centered and intermediate outcomes when compared to placebo or no active treatment?
- How do preventive pharmacological treatments affect patient-centered and intermediate outcomes when compared to active pharmacological treatments?
- How do preventive pharmacological treatments affect patient-centered and intermediate outcomes when compared to active nonpharmacological treatments?
- How do preventive pharmacological treatments combined with nondrug treatments affect patient-centered and intermediate outcomes when compared to pharmacological treatments alone?
- How might dosing regimens or duration of treatments influence the effects of the treatments on patient-centered outcomes? How might approaches to drug management (such as patient care teams, integrated care, coordinated care, patient education, drug surveillance, or interactive drug monitoring) influence results?
Question 2
What are the comparative harms from pharmacological treatments for preventing migraine attacks in adults and children?
- What are the harms from preventive pharmacologic treatments when compared to placebo or no active treatment?
- What are the harms from preventive pharmacologic treatments when compared to active treatments?
- How might approaches to drug management (such as patient care teams, integrated care, coordinated care, patient education, drug surveillance, or interactive drug monitoring) influence results?
Question 3
Which patient characteristics predict the effectiveness and safety of pharmacological treatments for preventing migraine attacks in children and adults?
Public Comment
The draft Key Questions (KQs) were posted for public comment on the AHRQ Effective Health Care Program Web site for additional feedback from June 6, 2011, through June 30, 2011.
We made the following changes in the KQs based on the public comments received:
- We clarified the inclusion criteria for active treatments as monodrug therapy or drug therapy combined with nonpharmacological interventions; we clarified comparators as placebo, active drugs, or active nonpharmacological interventions.
- We added a question addressing the role of dosing regimens and duration of treatments on treatment effects.
- We included additional patient characteristics that could modify treatment effects, such as hormone-based birth control and hormone replacement, the onset of menarche and menopause, obesity, nutritional and dietary factors, aerobic fitness, previous head injury, psychological factors and social/family support system, and concomitant medications for comorbid conditions.
- We expanded the list of patient-centered outcomes to include composite outcomes defined as aggregate improvement of the outcomes on our original list.
- We added “number of moderate to severe headache days” and “number of physician/healthcare professional (HCP) visits” to the list of intermediate outcomes.
- To the list of harms we added medical resource utilization to manage adverse effects (e.g., prescription medication; urgent care/emergency services, physician/HCP visits).
- We clarified the review’s focus as prevention of episodic or chronic migraine as defined by the Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society,10 which does not include migraine variants or migraine equivalents with atypical symptomatic pain in regions other than the head.39, 40 Therefore, we would exclude the studies of basilar migraine, childhood periodic syndromes, retinal migraine, complicated migraines, and ophthalmoplegic migraine.40 We also clarified our exclusion of hemiplegic migraine, a pathophysiologically distinct disorder with its own classification.41
- We stated that studies evaluating the efficacy of nonpharmacological treatments or economic outcomes are beyond the scope of this review.
PICOTS Framework
Population(s)
- Children and adults with episodic migraine, chronic daily headache, or chronic migraine as defined by the Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society10 (see below for definitions).
- Patient characteristics that can modify the effects of pharmacological treatments for preventing migraine attacks in children and adults:
- Age
- Gender
- Pregnancy
- Hormone-based birth control and hormone replacement
- The onset of menarche and menopause
- Race and ethnicity
- Socioeconomic status
- Education
- Family history
- Access to care, type of care, and residence in rural or urban areas
- Definition of migraine
- Presence of aura
- Headache frequency
- Prior treatments; overuse of drugs for acute migraine
- Obesity
- Nutritional and dietary factors, specifically caffeine
- Aerobic fitness
- Previous head injury
- Psychological factors and social/family support system
- Comorbidities (depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, others)
- Concomitant medications for comorbid conditions
- Patient characteristics that can modify the effects of pharmacological treatments for preventing migraine attacks in children and adults:
Interventions
- Drugs approved by the FDA (such as propranolol, timolol, topiramate, and divalproex sodium) to prevent episodic migraine and to treat chronic migraine (such as Botox).
- Off-label medications available in the United States and previously examined in clinical trials for preventing migraine42 (Appendix A Table 1).
- Monotherapy.
- Multidrug interventions.
- Combined pharmacological with nonpharmacological modalities: behavioral interventions with education, exercise, biofeedback, relaxation techniques, yoga, massage, acupuncture, and dietary supplements.
Comparators
- Placebo.
- Drug treatments (comparative effectiveness).
- Nonpharmacological treatments: behavioral interventions with education, exercise, biofeedback, relaxation techniques, yoga, massage, acupuncture, and dietary supplements.
Outcomes
- Patient-centered outcomes:
- Reduction of migraine attacks by >50 percent from baseline; primary outcome for the review.
- Quality of life.
- Patient satisfaction.
- Composite patient centered outcomes defined as an aggregate improvement of the aforementioned outcomes.
- Emergency visits, loss of work or school days; treatment failure.
- Intermediate outcomes:
- Number of headache days.
- Number of moderate to severe headache days.
- Improvement in associated symptoms.
- Use of drugs for acute migraine (prescribed or over-counter).
- Physician/healthcare professional (HCP) visits.
- Harms:
- All reported adverse reactions and effects (such as anxiety, nausea, vomiting, sleep time reduction, drowsiness, or weakness).
- Treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects.
- Additional medical resource utilization to manage adverse effects (e.g., prescription medication, urgent care/emergency services, physician/HCP visits).
Timing
- 6 months or more; optimally 12 months
- Any time of occurrence for the harms
Setting
- Outpatient settings
Analytic Framework
The framework in Figure 1 was developed by following the AHRQ Methods Guide and the methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.43-45
Abbreviations: KQ = key question; SES = socioeconomic status
Methods
The EPC will follow the AHRQ Methods Guide to select evidence from controlled trials and observational studies.46 Three investigators will independently determine study eligibility according to recommendations from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.47 The EPC will apply the best-available-evidence approach to include observational studies when evidence is not available from the randomized controlled trials (RCTs).46
A. Criteria for Inclusion/Exclusion of Studies in the Review
The EPC will review published evidence of the efficacy and comparative effectiveness of preventive pharmacological treatments for migraine.
Inclusion Criteria:
- Original epidemiologic studies that aimed to examine preventive pharmacological treatments for migraine, including randomized controlled clinical trials, nonrandomized multicenter clinical trials, and observational studies that used strategies to reduce bias.
- Publication in English.
- Target population of community-dwelling adults or children with episodic migraine, chronic daily headache, or chronic migraine defined according to International Headache Society criteria for chronic migraine.10
- Eligible intermediate and patient-centered outcomes as listed above.
- Drugs approved by the FDA for migraine prevention and off-label drugs examined in clinical trials.
We will review RCTs that included adults or children with migraine, comorbid headache disorders, or tension headache if they examined prevention of migraine.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Studies that involved patients with acute migraine or other migraine variants, such as hemiplegic migraines, basilar migraine, childhood periodic syndromes, retinal migraine, complicated migraines, and ophthalmoplegic migraine; hospitalized patients; or patients in emergency rooms. Studies of short-term prevention of migraine, including menstrual migraines.
- Studies that included some patients with migraine but did not separately report those outcomes.
- Studies that involved surgical treatments for migraine.
- Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of eligible drugs; studies that examined the pathophysiology of migraine reporting instrumental measurements or biochemical outcomes.
- Studies that did not test the associative hypotheses and did not provide adequate information on tested hypotheses (e.g., least square means, relative risk).
- Noncomparative studies including case series when the evidence is available from RCTs.
- Studies that examined eligible drugs on populations with other diseases.
To assess harms of treatments, we will include published and unpublished evidence of the adverse effects of drugs in patients with migraine.48 The EPC will define harms as a totality of all possible adverse consequences of an intervention.48 The EPC will analyze harms regardless of how authors perceived causality of treatments.
B. Searching for the Evidence: Literature Search Strategies for Identification of Relevant Studies To Answer the Key Questions
We will search several databases including MEDLINE® (via Ovid and PubMed®), the Cochrane Library, and the SCIRUS bibliographic database to find published studies. For completed trials related to the key questions, we will search the FDA website to find medical and statistical reviews of the eligible drugs and clinical trial registries including ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry. Members of the Technical Expert Panel and peer reviewers may suggest additional sources of evidence. The Scientific Resource Center will request Scientific Information Packets from appropriate manufacturers (shown in Appendix A, Table 2) per usual procedures. The EPC will not contact the investigators of the primary studies for missing data or clarifications.
The EPC has developed an a priori search strategy based on relevant medical subject heading (MeSH®) terms, text words, and weighted word-frequency algorithms to identify related articles. Exact search strategies can be found in Appendix A Table 3).
Searches for relevant literature will involve several steps: (1) evaluating previously published systematic reviews,49 (2) conducting a comprehensive literature search in the databases listed above to retrieve the references that will be stored in a master library using EndNote® reference-management system, (3) screening abstracts against the inclusion/exclusion criteria listed above, and (4) retrieving and reviewing full-text articles on eligible studies to determine potential inclusion in the synthesis. We will update the literature search while the draft is under peer and public review.
To ensure consistency, all evaluators will attend a training session to discuss inclusion and exclusion criteria before the abstract review. In addition, the project team will meet after reviewing the first 25 abstracts to detect, discuss, and resolve disagreements and to further standardize the approach. A randomly selected 10 percent sample of excluded randomized studies will be reviewed by the project director to verify appropriate application of the exclusion criteria. We will document each recommended, included, and excluded study in the master library. We will develop a coding scheme to record and account for our reasons for excluding articles at full text review.
C. Data Abstraction and Data Management
Researchers will use standardized forms to extract data. We will conduct a double independent quality control for the data extracted from RCTs; one reviewer will abstract an article and a second will review the abstracted data for accuracy. Errors will be assessed by comparing established ranges for each variable and data charts from the original articles. Any detected discrepancies will be discussed. We will abstract the information relevant to the PICOTS framework. We will abstract minimum datasets to reproduce the results presented by the authors. For categorical variables we will abstract the number of events among treatment groups to calculate rates, relative risk, and absolute risk differences. Means and standard deviations of continuous variables will be abstracted to calculate mean differences with a 95 percent confidence interval (CI).
For RCTs in the quantitative analysis set, we will abstract the number randomized to each treatment group as the denominator to calculate estimates by applying intention-to-treat principles. We will abstract the time when the outcomes were assessed as weeks from randomization and the time of followup after treatments.
We will abstract inclusion and exclusion criteria, drug regime and doses, and patient characteristics including demographics and factors that can modify treatment effects.
D. Assessment of Risk of Bias in Individual Studies
We will evaluate the risk of bias in individual studies according to recommendations from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.47 First, we will classify the study design as interventional (an RCT, a nonrandomized controlled clinical trial, or a nonrandomized uncontrolled clinical trial) or observational (cohort or case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, or case series).
Then, using the criteria from the Cochrane tool for bias in interventional studies, we will evaluate random allocation of the subjects to the treatment groups, adequacy of allocation concealment and randomization, masking of the treatment status, intention-to-treat principles, and selective outcome reporting. We will assume a low risk of bias when RCTs meet all the quality criteria; a moderate risk of bias if at least one of the quality criteria was not met; and a high risk of bias if two or more quality criteria were not met. We will conclude there is an unknown risk of bias for the studies with poorly reported quality criteria.
For observational studies, we will evaluate strategies to reduce bias in study design and analysis, including adjustment for confounding and valid measurements of the outcomes.
E. Data Synthesis
We will summarize the results into evidence tables. Our priority will be patient-centered outcomes, such as reduction in migraine attacks by greater than 50 percent from baseline, quality of life, patient satisfaction, and composite definitions of response. We will incorporate risk of bias in individual studies into the synthesis of evidence by using individual quality criteria rather than a global score or a ranking category of overall quality.50, 51 Synthesis of evidence about benefits of the treatments will be restricted to studies with low risk of bias.21
We will synthesize the evidence according to population characteristics that could modify treatment effect, including age, sex, race, duration of migraine, baseline frequency and severity of acute migraine attacks, presence of aura, previous drug treatments, history of drug overuse, and other patient characteristics described in the PICOTS framework. We will address the role of comorbidities and concomitant treatments in association with patient-centered outcomes. When possible, based on the reporting in original studies, we will conduct subgroup and sensitivity analyses according to patient characteristics, drug dose, and timing of followup.
Using Meta-Analyst52 and STATA®53 software at a 95 percent CI, we will calculate the relative risk and absolute risk difference from the abstracted events, and the mean differences in continuous variables from the reported means and standard deviations.. We will use a logarithmic scale to analyze the adjusted regression coefficient with a standard error of association between treatments and patient-centered outcomes. We will use correction coefficients and intention to treat as recommended calculations for missing data.47
Pooling criteria for KQs 1 and 2 will include the same active drug treatments and comparators and the same definitions of the outcomes. Standardized mean differences will be calculated for different continuous measures of the same outcome. We will not pool RCTs with nonrandomized studies, studies of children with those of adults, or studies of different pharmacological drug classes with each other.
We will test consistency in the results by comparing the direction and strength of the association54 and will assess heterogeneity in results with Chi-square and I-square tests.55, 56 We will explore heterogeneity with meta-regression and sensitivity analysis and report the results from random effects models only.57 We will choose the random effects model to incorporate in the pooled analysis any differences across trials in patient populations, baseline rates of the outcomes, dosage of drugs, and other factors.58 We plan to explore heterogeneity by quality criteria of RCTs, disclosed conflicts of interest, study sponsorship, dose and duration of drug treatments, time of followup, inclusion of minorities, proportion of women and elderly adults, and other patient characteristics described above. To avoid ecological fallacy, we will not use patient level variables (for example, mean age or body mass index) in meta-regression.57
The number needed to treat to achieve one event of a patient-centered outcome will be calculated as reciprocal to absolute risk differences (ARD) in rates of outcome events in the active and control groups.53, 59 We will calculate means and 95 percent CIs for the number needed to treat as reciprocal to pooled ARD when ARD is significant.60 The number of avoided or excess events (respectively) per population of 1,000 is the difference between the two event rates multiplied by 1,000.
F. Grading the Evidence for Each Key Question
We will assess strength of evidence according to risk of bias, consistency, directness, and precision for each patient-centered outcome and treatment discontinuation due to harms.54 When appropriate, dose-response association, presence of confounders that would diminish an observed effect, strength of association, and reporting bias will also be included. We will evaluate the strength of the association, defining a priori a large effect when relative risk is >2 or <0.5 and a very large effect when relative risk is >5 or <0.2.47 We will define low magnitude of the effect when relative risk is significant but <2.
We will assess reporting bias defined as publication bias, selective outcomes reporting, and multiple publication bias. We will not perform formal statistical tests quantifying the biases.61
We will define high level of evidence on the basis of consistent findings from well-designed RCTs (Table 1). The EPC will downgrade strength of evidence to moderate if at least one of the four strength-of-evidence criteria was not met, for example the studies have moderate risk of bias or the results not consistent or precise. We will downgrade strength of evidence to low if two or more criteria were not met. We will define evidence as insufficient when a single study with high
Grade | Definition |
---|---|
High | High confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect. Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. |
Moderate | Moderate confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect. Further research may change our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. |
Low | Low confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect. Further research is likely to change the confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. |
Insufficient | Evidence either is unavailable or does not permit a conclusion. |
G. Assessing Applicability
Applicability of the population will be estimated by evaluating the selection of adults or children with migraine in observational studies and clinical trials.62 Studies of community-dwelling adults or children that were followed up for 6 months or longer with drug treatments will have high applicability. Large observational cohorts based on national registries, population-based effectiveness trials, and nationally representative administrative and clinical databases will have high applicability.
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- Egger M, Smith GD, Altman DG. Systematic reviews in health care: meta-analysis in context. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books; 2001.
- Owens DK, Lohr KN, Atkins D, et al. AHRQ series paper 5: grading the strength of a body of evidence when comparing medical interventions-Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Effective Health-Care Program. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010 May;63(5):513-23. PMID 19595577.
- Viechtbauer W. Confidence intervals for the amount of heterogeneity in meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2007 Jan 15;26(1):37-52. PMID 16463355.
- Knapp G, Biggerstaff BJ, Hartung J. Assessing the amount of heterogeneity in random-effects meta-analysis. Biom J. 2006 Apr;48(2):271-85. PMID 16708778.
- DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986 Sep;7(3):177-88. PMID 3802833.
- Fu R, Gartlehner G, Grant M, et al. Chapter 9. Conducting quantitative synthesis when comparing medical interventions. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. AHRQ Publication No. 10(11)-EHC063-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. March 2011:104-19. Available at: http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov.
- Ebrahim S. The use of numbers needed to treat derived from systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Caveats and pitfalls. Eval Health Prof. 2001 Jun;24(2):152-64. PMID 11523384.
- Altman DG. Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. BMJ. 1998 Nov 7;317(7168):1309-12. PMID 9804726.
- Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4002. PMID 21784880.
- Aschengrau A, Seage GR. Essentials of epidemiology in public health. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 2003.
Definition of Terms
- Migraine (as defined by the Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society):10
Repeated attacks of headache lasting 4 to 72 hours in patients with a normal physical examination, no other reasonable cause for the headache, and:- At least two of the following features:
- Unilateral pain
- Throbbing pain
- Aggravation by movement
- Moderate or severe intensity
- Plus at least one of the following features:
- Nausea/vomiting
- Photophobia and phonophobia
- At least two of the following features:
- Episodic migraine as an indication for preventive treatment:
- Five or more attacks a month1
- Three or more attacks a month1
- Definitions of chronic migraine (can be chronic from onset or transformed from episodic migraine):
- FDA:
- Chronic migraine is defined as having a history of migraine and experiencing a headache on most days of the month.33
- Revised International Headache Society criteria for chronic migraine:10
1.5.1. Chronic migraine
- FDA:
- Headache (tension-type and/or migraine) on ≥15 days per month for at least 3 months
* Characterization of a frequently recurring headache generally requires a headache diary to record information on pain and associated symptoms day by day for at least 1 month. - Occurring in a patient who has had at least five attacks.
- On ≥8 days per month for at least 3 months headache has fulfilled C.1 and/or C.2 below, that is, has fulfilled criteria for pain and associated symptoms of migraine without aura.
- Has at least two of a–d
- Unilateral location
- Pulsating quality
- Moderate or severe pain intensity
- Aggravation by or causing avoidance of routine physical activity (e.g., walking or climbing stairs) and at least one of (1) or (2):
- (Nausea and/or vomiting
- Photophobia and phonophobia
- Treated and relieved by triptan(s) or ergot before the expected development of C.1 above
- No medication overuse† and not attributed to another causative disorder
†Headache Classification Committee criteria for a medication overuse headache (A8.2)10
Summary of Protocol Amendments
In the event of protocol amendments, the date of each amendment will be accompanied by a description of the change and the rationale.
Review of Key Questions
For all EPC reviews, key questions were reviewed and refined as needed by the EPC with input from Key Informants and the Technical Expert Panel (TEP) to assure that the questions are specific and explicit about what information is being reviewed. In addition, for Comparative Effectiveness reviews, the key questions were posted for public comment and finalized by the EPC after review of the comments.
Key Informants
Key Informants are the end users of research, including patients and caregivers, practicing clinicians, relevant professional and consumer organizations, purchasers of health care, and others with experience in making health care decisions. Within the EPC program, the Key Informant role is to provide input into identifying the Key Questions for research that will inform healthcare decisions. The EPC solicits input from Key Informants when developing questions for systematic review or when identifying high priority research gaps and needed new research. Key Informants are not involved in analyzing the evidence or writing the report and have not reviewed the report, except as given the opportunity to do so through the peer or public review mechanism.
Key Informants must disclose any financial conflicts of interest greater than $10,000 and any other relevant business or professional conflicts of interest. Because of their role as end-users, individuals are invited to serve as Key Informants and those who present with potential conflicts may be retained. The TOO and the EPC work to balance, manage, or mitigate any potential conflicts of interest identified.
Technical Experts
Technical Experts comprise a multidisciplinary group of clinical, content, and methodological experts who provide input in defining populations, interventions, comparisons, or outcomes as well as identifying particular studies or databases to search. They are selected to provide broad expertise and perspectives specific to the topic under development. Divergent and conflicted opinions are common and perceived as health scientific discourse that results in a thoughtful, relevant systematic review. Therefore, study questions, design and/or methodological approaches do not necessarily represent the views of individual technical and content experts. Technical Experts provide information to the EPC to identify literature search strategies and recommend approaches to specific issues as requested by the EPC. Technical Experts do not do analysis of any kind nor contribute to the writing of the report and have not reviewed the report, except as given the opportunity to do so through the public review mechanism.
Technical Experts must disclose any financial conflicts of interest greater than $10,000 and any other relevant business or professional conflicts of interest. Because of their unique clinical or content expertise, individuals are invited to serve as Technical Experts and those who present with potential conflicts may be retained. The TOO and the EPC work to balance, manage, or mitigate any potential conflicts of interest identified.
Peer Reviewers
Peer reviewers are invited to provide written comments on the draft report based on their clinical, content, or methodological expertise. Peer review comments on the preliminary draft of the report are considered by the EPC in preparation of the final draft of the report. Peer reviewers do not participate in writing or editing of the final report or other products. The synthesis of the scientific literature presented in the final report does not necessarily represent the views of individual reviewers. The dispositions of the peer review comments are documented and will, for CERs and Technical briefs, be published 3 months after the publication of the Evidence report.
Potential Reviewers must disclose any financial conflicts of interest greater than $10,000 and any other relevant business or professional conflicts of interest. Invited Peer Reviewers may not have any financial conflict of interest greater than $10,000. Peer reviewers who disclose potential business or professional conflicts of interest may submit comments on draft reports through the public comment mechanism.
Appendix A
Drug, ATC Code* | Class of Drug |
---|---|
ANTIEPILEPTICS | |
Topiramate, N03AX11 | N03 ANTIEPILEPTICS N03AX Other antiepileptics |
Lamotrigine, N03AX09 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS |
Levetiracetam, N03AX14 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS |
Pregabalin, N03AX16 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS alpha2-delta agonist |
Carbamazepine, N03AF01 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS N03AF Carboxamide derivatives |
Valproic acid, N03AG01 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS N03AG Fatty acid derivatives, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancer and analog |
Vigabatrin, N03AG04 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS N03AG Fatty acid derivatives,GABA transaminase inhibitor |
Tiagabine, N03AG06 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS N03AG Fatty acid derivatives, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancer |
Zonisamide, N03AX15 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS N03AX Other antiepileptics |
Valproate | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS |
N03AG Fatty acid derivatives | |
Divalproex | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancer and analog |
Gabapentin, N03AX12 | N03A ANTIEPILEPTICS |
Acetazolamide, S01EC01 | S01EC, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor |
ANTIDEPRESSANTS | |
Nortriptyline, N06AA10 | N06A ANTIDEPRESSANTS N06AA Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors |
Clomipramine, N06AA04 | N06A ANTIDEPRESSANTS N06AA Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors |
Citalopram, N06AB04 | N06A ANTIDEPRESSANTS N06AB Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
Venlafaxine, N06AX16 | N06A ANTIDEPRESSANTS N06AX Other antidepressants |
Amitriptyline | N06A ANTIDEPRESSANTS N06AA Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors |
Mirtazapine, N06AX11 | N06A ANTIDEPRESSANTS tricyclic antidepressants |
BETA BLOCKERS | |
Timolol, C07AA06 | C07AA, Beta blocking agents, non-selective |
Nadolol, C07AA12 | C07AA Beta blocking agents, non-selective |
Propranolol,C07AA05 | C07AA Beta blocking agents, non-selective |
Metoprolol,C07AB02 | C07AB Beta blocking agents, selective |
Atenolol, C07AB03 | C07AB Beta blocking agents, selective |
Bisoprolol,C07AB07 | C07AB Beta blocking agents, selective |
Acebutolol,C07AB04 | C07AB Beta blocking agents, selective |
Alprenolol, C07AA01 | C07A BETA BLOCKING AGENTS |
Oxprenolol, C07AA02 (discontinued in the FDA) | C07AA Beta blocking agents, non-selective |
Pindolol, C07AA03 | C07AA Beta blocking agents, non-selective |
ACE INHIBITORS | |
Trandolapril, C09AA10 | C09AA ACE inhibitors |
Enalapril,C09AA02 | C09AA ACE inhibitors |
Captopril,C09AA01 | C09AA ACE inhibitors |
Lisinopril, C09AA03 | C09AA ACE inhibitors |
ANGIOTENSIN II ANTAGONISTS | |
Telmisartan,C09CA07 | C09CA Angiotensin II antagonists |
Candesartan, C09CA06 | C09CA Angiotensin II antagonists |
CALCIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONIST | |
Dotarizine | SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONIST; 5-HT receptors ANTAGONIST |
Flunarizine, N07CA03; Sibelium | SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONISTN07C ANTIVERTIGO PREPARATIONS |
SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS | |
Nimodipine,C08CA06 | C08C SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS WITH MAINLY VASCULAR EFFECTS C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives |
Verapamil,C08DA01 | C08D SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS WITH DIRECT CARDIAC EFFECTS C08DA Phenylalkylamine derivatives |
Nicardipine,C08CA04 | C08C SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS WITH MAINLY VASCULAR EFFECTS C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives |
Nifedipine,C08CA05 | C08C SELECTIVE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS WITH MAINLY VASCULAR EFFECTS C08CA Dihydropyridine derivatives |
ANTIADRENERGICS | |
Clonidine,C02AC01 | C02A ANTIADRENERGIC AGENTS, CENTRALLY ACTING C02AC Imidazoline receptor agonists |
Labetalol, C07AG01 | C07AG, Alpha and beta blocking agents |
Dixarit (clonidine, C02AC01) | C02A ANTIADRENERGIC AGENTS, CENTRALLY ACTING |
Guanfacine, C02AC02 | C02A ANTIADRENERGIC AGENTS, CENTRALLY ACTING C02AC Imidazoline receptor agonists |
ANTI-DEMENTIA | |
Donepezil, N06DA02 | N06 PSYCHOANALEPTICS |
Memantine, N06DX01 | N06D ANTI-DEMENTIA DRUGS N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor |
ANTIPSYCHOTICS | |
Aripiprazole,N05AX12 | N05A ANTIPSYCHOTICS |
Olanzapine,N05AH03 | N05A ANTIPSYCHOTICS N05AH Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines |
Quetiapine,N05AH04 | N05A ANTIPSYCHOTICS N05AH Diazepines, oxazepines, thiazepines and oxepines |
Deanxit (Flupentixol, N05AF01) | N05A ANTIPSYCHOTICS |
N05AF Thioxanthene derivatives | |
Sulpiride, N05AL01 (antipsychotic) | N05A ANTIPSYCHOTICS |
N05AL Benzamides | |
Prochlorperazine, N05AB04 | N05A ANTIPSYCHOTICS |
DOPAMINERGIC AGENTS | |
Amantadine, N04BB01 | N04B DOPAMINERGIC AGENTS N04BB Adamantane derivatives N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor |
Dihydroergocryptine, N04BC03 | N04B DOPAMINERGIC AGENTS |
N04BC Dopamine agonists | |
ERGOT ALKALOIDS | |
Dihydroergotamine, N02CA01 | N02C ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS N02CA Ergot alkaloids |
Lisuride, N02CA07 | N02C ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS |
Ergotamine, N02CA02 | N02C ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS N02CA Ergot alkaloids |
Methysergide, N02CA04 | N02C ANTIMIGRAINE PREPARATIONS N02CA Ergot alkaloids |
MUSCLE RELAXANTS | |
Botulinum Toxin Type A, M03AX01 | M03A MUSCLE RELAXANTS, PERIPHERALLY ACTING AGENTS M03AX Other muscle relaxants, peripherally acting agents |
Tizanidine, M03BX02 | M03B MUSCLE RELAXANTS, CENTRALLY ACTING AGENTS |
SYSTEMIC DRUGS | |
Montelukast, R03DC03 | R03D OTHER SYSTEMIC DRUGS FOR OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY DISEASES R03DC Leukotriene receptor antagonists |
ATC code - The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification
Appendix A Table 2. Contacts for Scientific Information Packets
Abbott
Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Allergan
Almirall, S.A.
Ariston Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
AstraZeneca
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals
Boston Scientific Corporation
BTG International Ltd
GlaxoSmithKline
Capnia, Inc.
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne
Cephalon
Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Cierra
Clinvest|Merck
CoLucid Pharmaceuticals
D-Pharm Ltd.
Eisai Inc.
Elan Pharmaceuticals
Eli Lilly and Company
Endo Pharmaceuticals
EUROHEAD
GlaxoSmithKline
HaEmek Medical Center, Israel
Ipsen
Janssen Cilag Pharmaceutica S.A.C.I., Greece
Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V., Belgium
Janssen-Ortho Inc., Canada
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C.
King Pharmaceuticals
Lotus Pharmaceutical
MAP Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
MedtronicNeuro
Merck
Minster Research Ltd
Neuralieve
NeurAxon Inc.
Nordlandssykehuset HF
Novartis
NPS Pharmaceuticals
NuPathe Inc.
Ortho-McNeil Neurologics, Inc.
Pfizer
POZEN
ProEthic Pharmaceuticals
Roxane Laboratories
Roxro Pharma
Sandoz Inc.
SK Chemicals Co., Ltd.
Solvay Pharmaceuticals|Nektar Therapeutics
Sorlandet Hospital HF
St. Jude Medical
Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc.
The EMMES Corporation
TorreyPines Therapeutics
UCB, Inc.
Valeant Pharmaceuticals International
Zogenix, Inc.
Appendix A Table 3. Literature search strings
Medline search via PubMed®
Strings |
---|
Search "Migraine Disorders"[Mesh] AND "Migraine Disorders"[Mesh] Limits: Humans, Meta-Analysis, English |
Search "Migraine Disorders"[Mesh] AND "Migraine Disorders"[Mesh] Limits: Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search migraine NOT acute Limits: Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search migraine Limits: Humans, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search melatonin AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search "Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor"[Mesh] AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search "Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor"[Mesh] Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Risperidone AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Paliperidone AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Methiothepin AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Metergoline AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Lisuride AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Bromocriptine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Zotepine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Ziprasidone AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Trifluoperazine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Tenilapine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Sulpiride AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Spiperone AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Sertindole AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Olanzapine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Loxapine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Ketanserin AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Imipramine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Fluperlapine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Fluphenazine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Cyproheptadine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Clozapine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Clomipramine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Aripiprazole AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Amoxapine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Amitriptyline AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Amitriptyline AND migraine Limits: Humans, English |
Search 5-HT7 AND migraine Limits: Humans, English |
Search Quetiapine AND migraine Limits: Humans, English |
Search "Antipsychotic Agents "[Pharmacological Action] AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search 5-HT2A AND migraine Limits: Humans, English |
Search 5-HT2A antagonists AND migraine Limits: Humans, English |
Search Alpha-2 agonists AND migraine Limits: Humans, English |
Search telcagepant AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search olcegepant AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search Arachidonic cascade modulators Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search tonabersat) AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search dextromethorphan AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search loxapine AND migraine NOT acute Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search prochlorperazine AND migraine NOT acute Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Search prochlorperazine AND migraine Limits: Humans, Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial, English |
Medline via Ovid
Database: Ovid MEDLINE® <1950 to October Week 4 2010> Search Strategy:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 exp migraine disorders/dt
2 exp migraine disorders/pc
3 ad.fs.
4 2 and 3
5 1 or 4
6 1 or 2
7 exp "off-label use"/
8 off label.mp.)
9 7 or 8
10 6 and 9
11 exp calcium channel blockers/
12 exp antihypertensive agents/
13 exp antidepressive agents/
14 exp anticonvulsants/
15 exp botulinum toxin type a/
16 exp alzheimer disease/dt
17 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16
18 6 and 17
19 5 or 10 or 18
20 limit 19 to (humans )
Updating searches
1. drug management.mp.
2. exp patient care team/
3. exp delivery of health care, integrated/
4. integrated care.mp.
5. exp managed care programs/
6. (managed care or coordinated care).mp.
7. exp Patient Education as Topic/
8. exp Health Education/
9. drug surveillance.mp.
10. exp drug monitoring/
11. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10
12. exp patient compliance/
13. exp patient satisfaction/
14. exp patient care management/
15. 12 or 13 or 14
16. exp migraine disorders/dt
17. 11 and 16
18. 15 and 16
1. exp migraine disorders/dt
2. exp migraine disorders/pc
3. ad.fs.
4. 2 and 3
5. 1 or 4
6. 1 or 2
7. exp "off-label use"/
8. off label.mp.
9. 7 or 8
10. 6 and 9
11. exp calcium channel blockers/
12. exp antihypertensive agents/
13. exp antidepressive agents/
14. exp anticonvulsants/
15. exp botulinum toxin type a/
16. exp alzheimer disease/dt
17. 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16
18. 6 and 17
19. 5 or 10 or 18
20. limit 19 to (humans)
ID | Title |
---|---|
NCT01035983 | Safety and Tolerability of Frovatriptan to Prevention of Menstrually Associated Migraine (MAM) Headaches |
NCT00231595 | A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topiramate in the Prevention of Migraine |
NCT00236561 | A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Two Doses of Topiramate Compared to Placebo and Propranolol in the Prevention of Migraine |
NCT00212810 | Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Topiramate in Preventing the Transformation From Episodic Migraine to Chronic Daily Headache |
NCT00253175 | A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Topiramate for the Prevention of Migraine |
NCT00258609 | Dysport® In Migraine Without Aura Prophylaxis: DIMWAP Study |
NCT00397254 | Two Rizatriptan Prescribing Portions for Treatment of Migraine |
NCT00109083 | A Study of the Efficacy of RWJ-333369 in the Prevention of Migraine |
NCT00332007 | Tonabersat in the Prophylaxis of Migraine With Aura |
NCT00910689 | Drug and Non-Drug Treatment Of Severe Migraine |
NCT00156910 | A Study Using Botulinum Toxin Type A as Headache Prophylaxis for Migraine Patients With Frequent Headaches |
NCT00168428 | A Study Using Botulinum Toxin Type A as Headache Prophylaxis for Migraine Patients With Frequent Headaches |
NCT00205894 | Occipital Nerve Stimulation to Treat Chronic Headaches |
NCT00447369 | Efficacy of Pregabalin in Migraine Prevention |
NCT00440232 | A Research Study To Evaluate If Frovatriptan Is Safe And Effective In Preventing Migraine Headache After Fasting |
NCT00700128 | Prevention of Menstrual Migraines: Using Frovatriptan or Placebo During Hormone Free Intervals |
NCT00204074 | Treatment of Menstrual Migraine With Sequential, Transdermal, 17-Beta-Estradiol. A Double-Blind, Randomised, Cross-Over Trial. |
NCT00298805 | A Quality of Life Study in Patients With Migraines |
NCT00283738 | MIST II PFO-Migraine Trial With BioSTAR® Bioabsorbable Septal Repair Implant |
NCT01161017 | Mechanism-based Choice of Therapy for Pain: Can Successful Prevention of Migraine be Coupled to a Psychophysical Pain Modulation Profile? |
NCT00665236 | Craniosacral Therapy in Migraine: A Feasibility Study |
NCT00714727 | Set Point Acupuncture for Migraines Using a Digital Assistant |
NCT00200109 | Occipital Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Migraine Headache. |
NCT00263991 | Cortical Reorganisation in Patients With Primary Headache Disorders |
NCT00269581 | Headstrong Intervention for Pediatric Headache |
NCT00236509 | A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Topiramate in the Prevention of Migraine |
NCT00285402 | Efficacy and Safety Clinical Trial of Intranasal AST-726 for the Prevention of Migraine |
NCT00742209 | Prevention Study in Adult Patients Suffering From Migraine Headaches |
NCT00521196 | Migraine--Investigational Treatment of Migraine With Noninvasive Brain Stimulation. (tDCS- Migraine) |
NCT00849511 | Melatonin for Migraine Prevention |
NCT00286078 | Treatment for Migraines With an Implantable Device |
NCT00267371 | ESCAPE Migraine Trial |
NCT00747812 | Study of Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Drug Refractory Migraine |
NCT01016834 | Evaluation of Treatment Satisfaction and Preference for Sumavel DosePro in the Treatment of Migraine |
NCT00739024 | A Study of a Melatonin Receptor Agonist to Prevent Migraine |
NCT00334178 | Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Laxymig® as Prophylactic Treatment in Patients With Migraine |
NCT00311662 | Efficacy and Tolerability of Tonabersat in the Prophylaxis of Migraine Headache |
NCT00534560 | Dose Ranging Study of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Tonabersat in the Prophylaxis of Migraine Headache |
NCT00216606 | The Effectiveness and Safety of Topiramate on Prevention of Chronic Migraine |
NCT00158002 | A Study of Topiramate in Pediatric Subjects With Basilar/Hemiplegic Migraine |
NCT00131443 | Dose Comparison Study of Topiramate in Pediatric Subjects With Basilar/Hemiplegic Migraine |
NCT00237302 | A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Topiramate Versus Placebo in Preventing Migraine Headaches in Children |
NCT00216619 | The Prolonged Use of Topiramate for Preventing Migraine Headaches |
NCT00904527 | Interest of Relaxation From Patients With Pain Due to Migraine |
NCT00210535 | A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Topiramate for the Prevention of Migraine Attacks in Children |
NCT00599586 | Randomized Controlled Trial of Treating Migraine With Acupuncture |
NCT00901862 | Magnetic Therapy in Migraine Prophylaxis |
NCT00195806 | Study Designed to Evaluate the Safety of Prophylactic Depakote ER in the Treatment of Adolescents With Migraine |
NCT00297336 | An Observational Study Evaluating the Safety of Topiramate for the Prevention of Migraine |
NCT00772031 | NINDS CRC Chronic Migraine Treatment Trial |
NCT00242866 | Use Of GW274150 In The Prophylactic Treatment Of Migraine |
NCT01081795 | A Dose-finding Study of Topiramate in Migraine Patients |
NCT00210821 | Comparing the Safety and Effectiveness of Topiramate With the Safety and Effectiveness of Amitriptyline in Preventing Migraine Headaches |
NCT00195741 | The Safety and Efficacy of Divalproex Sodium Extended-Release Tablets in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Study in Adolescents |
NCT00210873 | An Open Label Extension of a Study of Topiramate in Chronic Migraine. |
NCT00210860 | An Open Label Extension of a Study Comparing Topiramate and Amitriptyline in Migraine Prevention. |
NCT00259649 | Prospective Survey of Menstrual Migraine & Prevention With Eletriptan |
NCT00475514 | A Controlled Trial to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of Frovatriptan to Prevent Menstrual Migraine |
NCT00422812 | Staccato® Prochlorperazine for Inhalation in Migraine |
NCT01060111 | Adequate Therapy of Topiramate in Migraine |
NCT00440518 | A Study Designed to Test the Effectiveness and Safety of Treating Patients With Lacosamide for Migraine Prophylaxis |
NCT00055484 | A Study to Measure the Safety and Effectiveness of Zonisamide in Subjects With Migraine Headache |
NCT00610428 | Staccato Prochlorperazine in Patients With Migraine Headache |
NCT00203255 | Clinical Study Examining Use of an Over-the-Counter Supplement for the Prevention of Menstrually-Associated Migraine Headache |
NCT01146509 | An Evaluation Of The Efficacy And Safety Of Donepezil Hydrochloride (E2020) In Migraine Prophylaxis |
NCT00259636 | Zonisamide for Fibromyalgia & Migraine |
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Company Name | Drug Name | Generic Name | Unique ID |
---|---|---|---|
Abbott Laboratories | Depakote® ER | Divalproex sodium | M02-488 |
Abbott Laboratories | Depakote® ER | Divalproex sodium | M02-554 |
Abbott Laboratories | Depakote® ER | Divalproex sodium | M03-648 |
AstraZeneca | Zomig™ | zolmitriptan | Zomig™ |